Leptin is an essential hormone for the regulation of energy metabolism and food intake in vertebrate animals.To better understand the physiological roles of leptin in nutrient regulation in paternal ovoviviparous fish (family Syngnathidae), the present study cloned the full-length of leptin-a and leptin receptor (lepr) genes in lined seahorse (Hipp
The complete mitochondrial genome of Chironomus nipponensis Tokunaga, SWIMWEAR was sequenced and assembled from the whole genome data.The mitochondrial genome length was 16184 bp and contained 22 transfer RNA genes, 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, and 1 D-loop control region.Phylogenetic and taxonomic analysis based on the concatena
Abstract Optimal foraging theory suggests that animals make decisions which maximize their food intake per unit time when foraging, but the mechanisms animals use to track the value of behavioral alternatives and choose between them remain unclear.Several models for how animals integrate past experience have been suggested.However, these models mak
This article aims to understand the influence of civil society on the quality of democracy in the Visegrad Group Planner countries (Slovakia, Hungary, Poland and the Czech Republic).To do so, the evolution of civil society in these countries was mapped, and the main theoretical debates on the theme were mobilised.Using data from international surve